This work challenges many of the accepted 'truths' about African-American history, including the assumption that the phrase '19th-century black Americans' means enslaved people, that 'New York state before the Civil War' ref...

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This work challenges many of the accepted 'truths' about African-American history, including the assumption that the phrase '19th-century black Americans' means enslaved people, that 'New York state before the Civil War' refers to a place of freedom, and that black elite did not exist until the 20th century.

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